15 take on the Energy Challenge

Fifteen Mansfield families have just begun an Energy Challenge.

And five months from now, we will find out who saved the most money by taking advantage of good advice.

The Energy Challenge program kicked off in October with an introduction to interested residents; afterward, 15 households signed on to participate.

The Energy Challenge is focused on conserving the use of electricity.

The program is overseen by the Mansfield Energy Education Team, which is a subcommittee of the Mansfield Sustainability Committee.

The households taking part in the Energy Challenge are getting assistance from the Energy Education Team acting as energy coaches, of which I am a part.

We energy coaches, although not professional auditors, are going to participants’ homes to see how electricity is being used and based on our house tours, will make recommendations on some obvious ways to reduce energy consumption.

We are providing Energy Challenge participants with a starter kit of materials to help them begin reducing energy use.

We also will be using a camera with infrared imaging to detect where heat is escaping from the house.

And the Challenge is being videotaped, so that even if you aren’t enrolled in the program, you can learn from your neighbors. These visits will be aired on the Charter Community Access Channel 14 at dates to be announced.

In some cases, we are recommending that participants arrange for a professional energy audit offered through Connecticut Light & Power, called Home Energy Solutions.

There’s a $75 fee for this audit, but potential savings can quickly offset this cost.

One of the things the Home Energy Solutions auditors will do is use a fan-like device to pull air through the house – this allows them to discover where cold air is coming into the house – or warm arm is escaping (or in the summer months, where the hot air is coming in and making the air-conditioner work overtime).

Once the air leaks are pinpointed, the auditors can do a number of things, such as seal window air leaks or install “sweeps” at the base of doors.

The auditors may also replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescents, including specialized bulbs for recessed lights or fixtures that use dimmers.

They might also provide a low-flow shower head to reduce hot water use, or advise the resident to add insulation, for example, in the attic. In this case, the resident would be eligible for a 30 percent discount towards purchasing insulation.

One neat device given to the resident during the audit is a Kill-A-Watt meter. This helps track which appliances may be using a lot of energy.

So, for example, the refrigerator would be plugged into the Kill-A-Watt meter, which is then plugged into the outlet – and it provides a measure of how much electricity this appliance is using. Old refrigerators can be notorious for consuming energy.

These devices also can detect whether an appliance is still drawing energy, even after it is shut off.

This is a really good time – because of the federal government’s stimulus funds – to take advantage of programs that help with energy savings, such as rebates for buying energy efficient appliances.

It’s also good to know that there are tax credits available when you purchase some energy-saving products.

If you can afford it, this is the time to act.

If you’d like to know more about how to reduce energy use, call me at 860-429-3333.

You can also learn more about CL&P’s energy saving programs on their Web site at http://www.cl-p.com/Home/SaveEnergy/Rebates/HomeEnergySolutions.aspx

Posted Dec. 29, 2009

Related links:

Energy Star rebate finder

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=rebate.rebate_locator

Database of state incentives for renewables and efficiency

http://dsireusa.org/

Let the sun save you some money

Solar heat and solar power: both technologies that use the sun’s energy, but that work in different ways.

Solar power (photovoltaics) converts solar energy into electricity.

Solar-thermal systems – the focus of an upcoming presentation – offer hot water in ready supply and cost a fraction of the price of photovoltaic systems.

Alex Fox from Schuco USA will explain how a solar-thermal system works and what it costs to install and operate, at a presentation hosted by the Town of Mansfield on Wednesday, April 22 at 7:30 pm in the council chambers at the Audrey P. Beck Municipal Building, 4 South Eagleville Road.

Pre-register this week by calling the Mansfield recycling coordinator Virginia Walton at 429-3333.

Posted April 6, 2009

How to have a green – and safe – yard

As it starts to feel something like spring, thoughts are turning to the outdoors – including getting our lawns and gardens back into shape.

To help local residents with that task, the town is offering an Organic Land Care Workshop series that will address safer ways to have a nice green lawn, how to take care of our gardens and lawns in ways that conserve water (and how to use a rain barrel), and making our household waste work for us as free fertilizer.

Mansfield Recycling Coordinator Virginia Walton.Photo © Brenda Sullivan

Even when we try to make good choices, it can be confusing trying to figure out what kinds of products to use on our lawns and gardens and then, how to apply them.  “People usually don’t realize that a lot of our fertilizers already have pesticides and herbicides in them,” said Virginia Walton, the town’s recycling coordinator and organizer of this workshop series.

People often are unaware of the hazards of misapplied landscaping products. “Pet cancer is on the rise and some of it is being attributed to what we put on our lawns,” Walton said. She added that children playing in the yard and especially infants that are crawling in the grass, also face risks.

Property owners also should be aware of the possible contamination of drinking water sources when they misapply a product. “If you’re using chemical fertilizers and put them on at the wrong time, or use too much, you can pollute water sources,” Walton noted.

Organic lawncare

The first workshop in the series, “Organic Lawncare,” will be led by Bettylou Sandy – owner of Bettylou’s Gardening.  She is accredited by the Northeast Organic Farming Association (NOFA) as an organic land-care professional.

Those interested in attending should sign up as soon as possible in order to secure a place in the workshop, which will be held on Saturday, April 4 from 9 a.m. to noon in the council chambers of the Audrey P. Beck Municipal Building (town hall), located at 4 South Eagleville Road. The registration fee is $10. Registration deadline is March 31 – reserve your spot by calling Walton at 429-3333 during office hours. (Town Hall closes at noon on Fridays.)

Smart water use

The second workshop in the series – this one is free – will be “Backyard Water Wise Workshop,” to be held on Saturday, May 2, from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m., again at town hall.

This workshop explores the water resources on your property – and interesting ways to use them – including the benefits of rain barrels and how to create a landscaped rain garden.

The instructor for this workshop will be Jean Pillo, coordinator for the Thames River Basin Partnership.

The registration deadline for this workshop is April 27. Please register early, to ensure there are enough participants to hold the workshop. Call the Mansfield Recycling Coordinator at 429-3333.

Putting those potato peels to good use

A third workshop, “Backyard Composting,” will be held on Saturday, May 16 from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m., again at the town hall. This is another freebie.

In this workshop, you will:

• learn about the inner workings of a compost pile and how it is an integral part of organic land care

• compare different styles of composting set-ups

• help you get started or improve they system you’re already using

Again, early registration is encouraged. This workshop will be led by Virginia Walton, Mansfield Recycling Coordinator. Call her at 429-3333 to sign up. Registration deadline is 429-3333.

Bonus! rain barrel sale

Rain barrels are being sold through the New England Rain Barrel Company for $85 total. To take advantage of this program, orders must be placed by Friday, June 12, 2009.

The pickup for all orders is Saturday, June 20, between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. at the Mansfield Town Hall parking lot.

To view the rain barrel and place an order, log onto http://www.Nerainbarrel.com/Mansfield.html or call 877-977-3135.

Posted March 26, 2009

The Story of Stuff

Six months after we Americans buy something, only 1 percent of those products are still in use.

If everyone consumed the way Americans do, we would need 3 to 5 planets to support us.

When we look at all the resources we use for production – air, water, land, plants and animals – American-style consumption is not sustainable. This isn’t immediately apparent, because when we look at the products we hold in our hands, what goes into manufacturing them is invisible to us.

Welcome to an introduction to the ‘invisible stream’ of stuff that lies behind the things we buy.

New can vs recycled can

Let’s begin with extraction, which means digging up minerals, consuming water or cutting down trees – taking resources from the earth to make the basic components of a product.

One third of the planet’s natural resource base has been used to the point of depletion.

And extraction is very energy intensive. For instance, the making of pure aluminum from a naturally occurring ore called Bauxite uses a tremendous amount of electricity. Recycling aluminum cans, aluminum trays and foil eliminates this step and the electricity needed.

100,000 synthetic chemicals

Materials that have been extracted (or collected for recycling) then move into production.

Pure aluminum is molded into cans, foil, and trays at this stage. The production process requires a lot of input – energy, chemicals, water – and usually creates a lot of toxic waste and water as a by-product.

For instance, in order to make paper from trees, caustic chemicals are needed to convert the lignin (cellulose which makes the tree rigid and dense) to a supple fiber. Bleach is added to make the paper white. Clays, coatings and sizing are added, depending on the end use of the paper.

It is estimated that there are 100,000 synthetic chemicals used in production. We tend to think they’re tested and safe, but that’s not true. And in fact, none of the chemicals used today have been tested for their synergistic health impacts – meaning, what happens when synthetic chemicals are combined?

One common chemical we are exposed to is brominated flame retardants, which are used on computers, pillows, furniture and many other household products. If you have a house fire, these items will be resistant to fire. Sadly, brominated flame retardants are neurotoxins.

What about that cell phone?

The next stop in the invisible stream of the things we buy is distribution, which is all about getting the product into the stores, as well as keeping the prices as low as possible.

Because much of the cost of products is externalized, we do not pay the total cost of the stuff we buy. Rather the people in the places where the natural resources are extracted or where the product is produced pay through degradation to the environment and low wages.

Consider the example of a cell phone. Coltan, a metal used to make cell phones, may have been extracted from the Congo, where gorillas and their habitat are being destroyed for this metal. Other metals may come from South Africa. The plastic components may have been made in China. The oil for the transportation may have been extracted from Iraq. And all the cell phone components may be assembled in Mexico. Is it possible that a $70 cell phone covers all these costs?

More stuff, less happiness

And then there’s consumption, which is the engine that drives extraction, production and distribution.

Six months after we Americans buy something, only 1 percent of those products are still in use. It’s interesting to note that our consumption rate has doubled since 1950, and yet polls have shown that our “national happiness level” peaked in the 1950s and continues to plummet.

Two things keep consumption going: planned obsolescence, which means products are designed to break after a certain amount of use and cannot be repaired so we have to buy new ones; or perceived obsolescence, which means marketers convince us that we have to stay in fashion – they get paid well to persuade us to believe that we need the latest model of their product.

Another way of looking at it – Americans are targeted with 3,000 advertisements per day aimed at making us unhappy with what we already have. To all outward appearances, marketing strategies seem to be working.

Where does it all go?

The last part of the life of a product that is outside of our field of vision is disposal. For every can of trash that we produce, there were 70 cans of waste produced upstream.

Most of our trash, by the way, gets incinerated, and that has air pollution associated with it – dioxin, a carcinogen, and mercury, a neurotoxin, to name two. Half of the mercury in Connecticut’s lakes and streams is from our incinerated waste.

What’s the solution?

Buy less and better quality products. Shop around for something that’s durable and/or that can be repaired. It may cost more money up front, but is a better value because it will last longer. Ask the question “Do I really need this?”

Recycle. Mansfield has an extensive recycling program. In Mansfield, residents recycle about 36 percent – it could be well over 40%, but off-campus student housing has driven this percentage down. If you interact with college students, then why not exercise the power of example and become an advocate for recycling.

By recycling, the extraction step is eliminated, so less energy and waste is produced in the life of the product.

Lastly, look around. I mean, really look around. Recognize all that you do have. Cultivate gratitude and you will have out-witted the marketers.

For More Information

http://mansfield.htnp.com/columns/Recycling—V.Walton/122408invisible_waste_stream.html

Save time, save trees: how to stop that 'junk mail'

It may take several months before you see the flow of unwanted mail decrease – catalogs in particiular, because companies will print their catalogs months in advance of mailing.

In my travels, I have come across some good tips on how to reduce junk mail. I have been doing this at home for several years now and it really works. I no longer need to carry a shopping bag with me when I go to the mail box.

There’s a few steps to take, but if you chip away at the mailing lists you are already on and send a letter to the address below, it is very possible to almost eliminate junk mail.

Really.

First step: Send a letter to

Simply state, “ Please register my name with the mail preference service. I want to reduce the amount of unwanted mail I receive.” List all the various ways that your name and address typically appear on mailing labels.

Your name will be added to a national suppression list, which will prevent it from being sold or rented to other companies.

And it usually is effective for a few years – every few years send another letter. If you move, then you will need to send a letter to the Mail Preference Service with the new address.

If you are already on a lot of mailing lists – I’m assuming you are since you are reading this - then you need to go to step 2.

Second step: For the unwanted mail that you currently receive, either call or write to the sending company or organization directly and request removal of your name from their mailing list. If they provide it, use their prepaid mailer or their toll free number.

It may take several months before you see the flow of their unwanted mail decrease – catalogs in particiular, because companies will print their catalogs months in advance of mailing.

Third step: Anytime you order by mail or make a contribution to an organization, let that company/organization know that you do not want your name sold or rented.

One of the ways that companies and organizations make money is to sell or rent their mailing lists to like organizations. If you forget to mention this when making an order or donation, then you may be setting yourself up for a new birage of unwanted mail.

It should be easier than this to have a life free of junk mail. But it is not. At least not yet. Think of all the trees you will be saving by cutting down on the junk mail menace.

Good luck.

For More Information

http://mansfield.htnp.com/columns/Recycling—V.Walton/606.html

Let's follow the paper (recycling) trail

Ever wonder what happens to the paper that you put out for recycling?

As a resident of Mansfield, there are two ways that you can recycle your paper – bring it to the Mansfield transfer station, or have it collected at your house with trash service.

Willimantic Waste Paper Co. picks up that big container where paper and cardboard is collected at the transfer station and brings it to their recycling facility. For collection service, the trash company brings the recyclable paper to Willimantic Waste Paper.

Either way, the paper ends up at the same place.

If you have trash collection service, the trash truck comes by your house first, followed by the recycling truck. Sometimes, the trash collector moves all recyclables to a single, more central location. This commonly happens if you live on a cul-de-sac, deadend road or sparsely populated road.

I sometimes get calls from irate residents who see other bags of recyclables next to their own and think a neighbor is “cheating,” when in fact it was the trash collector’s doing, This practice reduces the number of stops that the recycling truck needs to make, which cuts down on fuel, labor and pollution.

So, the paper goes on the recycling truck which is emptied at our local intermediate processing center, Willimantic Waste Paper Co. in Willimantic. We are fortunate to have a facility next door to us.

The paper is sorted using conveyor belts and screens. Contaminants such as plastic, glass, staples and paper clips are mechanically removed. This is a very important part of the process because these are things that can cause problems when the material is sent to the paper mill to be made into recycled paper; they can damage the paper mill’s equipment and can affect the quality of the finished products.

If you think that the recycling collector is picky about what items you put out for recycling and the way they are sorted and packaged, this is the reason why – contaminants undermine the recycling process.

Depending on the strength of the paper markets, Willimantic Waste Paper employees may keep all the newspaper separate from office paper, and from coated paper such as magazines and flyers.

The paper is then baled – imagine a monster bundle of paper tied together with wire – and sent to a paper mill. Most of the mills that our paper goes to are in Canada.

At the mill, the paper is shredded and mixed with water to form a pulp. This mixture is screened and more contaminants are removed.

Deinking (or floatation) uses detergents to remove inks from the paper.

If the end product is white paper, a bleaching process is used to remove any remaining color.

Paper fibers can only be recycled a finite number of times before they become too short and drop out in the process. Manufacturers adjust for the differing properties of recycled fiber in the papermaking process and may add virgin pulp to the mixture to increase its strength.

The final mixture is then pressed into paper. Recycled-content paper today meets the same technical specifications as virgin paper.

Mansfield recycles the following types of paper fiber (most of which is mandated for recycling by the Mansfield Solid Waste Ordinance) :

• Telephone books
• Junk mail
• White office paper
• Shredded paper
• Envelopes with windows
• Books – paperback and hardcover
• Newspaper
• Magazines
• Catalogs
• School papers
• Paperboard – (such as cereal boxes, paper egg cartons, toilet paper rolls, cracker boxes)
• Corrugated cardboard (with the wavy inner layer)
• Milk and juice cartons (these are recycled with the cans and bottles grouping)
• Drink boxes (these are recycled with the cans and bottles grouping)

Next time I will be writing about how to get free of the junk mail menace.

For More Information

http://mansfield.htnp.com/columns/Recycling—V.Walton/recycling_column_paper_trail.html

Adopt a Road – or part of a road – and help keep Mansfield beautiful

There are 117 households helping to keep Mansfield roadsides litter-free. That may seem like a lot, but there are 130 miles of state and town roads within Mansfield’s borders – we could use a lot more volunteers.

Mansfield has an Adopt-a-Road program to help address roadside litter. In an age of complicated programs, this one is simple. To participate, you decide on the section of road that you can manage and the frequency of pick-up. The litter that is collected can either be placed with trash collection, if you have service, or taken to the transfer station. In either case, you will not be charged for the litter that you took the time to pick up.

We maintain a list of participants and the Adopt-a-Road list is shared with the attendants at the transfer station, so that they know you may be bringing in bags of litter occasionally to the transfer station. Or, if you have collection service, your street address is shared with the trash collector, so that they know there may be bagged litter out with your household’s trash.

Currently there are 117 households helping to keep Mansfield roadsides litter-free. That may seem like a decent amount of help, but when you consider that there are 130 miles of state and town roads within Mansfield’s borders, we could use a lot more volunteers. Right now, only about 10 percent of Mansfield’s roads are “adopted.”

Many of the volunteers are senior citizens. Yet, the Adopt-A-Road program lends itself to being a great community service project for school-age kids and their families because it offers total flexibility. You can go out when it’s convenient. It is also a simple way for an E.O. Smith student to fulfill the high school’s community service hours requirement.

Rid Litter Day is the Town’s one-day push to clean the roads after a long winter and UConn’s spring weekend. Usually the first Saturday in May, we ask all residents to pick up litter along their street. This is a perfect opportunity for neighborhoods to work together on a common cause. Not a huge commitment – just a few hours on a Saturday. A couple of years ago the neighbors on Meadowood Lane worked together on Rid Litter Day and collected a pickup truck full of litter! For their efforts they received coupons for free Subway sandwiches.

Here’s some basic litter collection etiquette. It’s a good idea to wear work gloves when you’re out picking up this trash. Some people use a bag turned inside out to protect their hands and then turn the bag to the right side to carry the trash home (the same way you might clean up after your dog).

It’s smart to follow the rules of the road, especially if it’s a busy road, which means walking against traffic and wearing a bright piece of clothing. Bring two bags with you – one for cans and bottles (that is the majority of what I collect along the road) and the other for everything else – cigarette cartons, fast food containers, etc.  Even though the cans and bottles may be grimy and flattened, they can still be recycled with your household collection of cans and bottles.

Besides maintaining an Adopt-a-Road program and arranging for Rid Litter Day, the Town of Mansfield contributes to roadside clean-ups in some other ways. We are linked with UConn’s community service days so every Fall and Spring, a group of students are recruited to pick up litter – about 6 times each school year. There may be as many as 30 UConn students who come take part in a clean-up day. They usually focus on the North Eagleville/Hunting Lodge Roads area.

Also, if a resident sees an item that’s very large – for example, an engine block on the side of the road – he or she can call Public Works to have someone pick it up. Each year, we ask Bergen Correctional Facility for help. They usually contribute a day or two of a prison crew’s time. Public Works’ temporary summer help has also helped in cleaning up roadsides.

If you would like to participate in Adopt-a-Road, please call me at 429-3333 during office hours. I am in the Public Works Office. Town Hall hours are Mondays through Wednesdays, 8:15 a.m. to 4:30 pm, Thursdays 8:15 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. and Fridays 8 a.m. to noon.

For more information: http://mansfield.htnp.com/columns/Recycling—V.Walton/

mansfield_adopt_a_road.html

New to Mansfield? We're serious about recycling

Last year, residents recycled 500 tons of bottles and cans, saving the town $26,500. In contrast, last year we had more than 3,000 tons of trash incinerated, costing more than $201,000. We also get paid for recycling paper and cardboard.

This time of year is a very busy one, in part because Mansfield’s schools are back in session, and school composting and recycling programs are resuming.

We also have an influx of college students who are setting up house for the first time in single-family homes. These newest members of our community often need a bit of help understanding how and why we recycle in Mansfield.

There is quite a bit of information on the Mansfield Web site , but the one-on-one conversation about trash service and recycling is a really important part of becoming acquainted with Mansfield’s unique trash service.

Do you want to super-size that?

Here is some basic information. Trash collection service is provided exclusively through the Town of Mansfield. So, if you’re renting a single-family home and your landlord isn’t providing service, in order to start trash collection service we need a $75 deposit. This deposit is refunded when service is canceled, as long as the trash bills have been paid.

The next step is deciding on the level of trash service.

We have five different service levels. They range from a very small quantity of trash to the super-sized level.

The smallest service level – weekly pick-up of a 13-gal kitchen bag of trash – costs $11.75 per month. The largest service level – weekly pick-up of four 35-gal cans of trash – costs $34 per month.

And remember, the cost of the service includes weekly pick-up of an unlimited amount of recyclables.

And our list of materials that can be recycled with trash collection is long.

Our intention is to reward those who are avid recyclers and composters. We want you to keep your costs down – and the way to do that is to recycle.

If you really want to cut your trash costs even further, then starting a compost pile in the backyard will make a big dent in the amount of trash that is set out each week.

From supper to soil

It’s estimated that about 40 percent of our garbage is food waste. Isn’t that amazing? That is a lot of food. By composting it, it turns into a beautiful rich soil that can be used on the property. I can help you get started with a backyard compost pile. But I digress.

Using the example of a household of two adults who recycle and compost, it is very possible to only produce a single13-gal kitchen bag a week (with a substantial amount of recyclables next to it). The household cost then would be $11.75 per month, or the equivalent of three Starbucks cappuccinos or two Subway sandwiches. This is good news for people who are on a tight budget.

If that same household doesn’t compost, they will probably need the next trash service level – a 30- gal. bag of trash per week – costing them $3.50 more per month (or $42 more per year).

Now, if they’re poor recyclers, they may need to increase to the next service level, which will cost them $10 more per month (or $120 more per year).

Residents have a choice of how much of their budget they want to put toward trash collection. Many people that I speak to don’t see spending a lot on trash collection as a good use of their money. For that reason, we encourage every new resident to keep costs down by recycling everything they can.

Someone moving here from another state, or from a Connecticut town that doesn’t have an emphasis on recycling, might not realize all that they can recycle with trash collection service in Mansfield. Recycling includes much more than deposit cans and bottles. Our list includes things like paperboard (i.e. cereal boxes), junk mail, magazines, office paper, No. 1 and No. 2 plastic containers, milk and juice cartons and empty aerosol cans.

For renters coming into the Public Works office to sign-up for trash service, I take the time to show them examples of recyclable items. Yes, I have show-and-tell in my office. There’s also a list on the Web site.

Newspapers go here, pickle jars go there

Recyclables are broken into two categories: one is paper and cardboard, and the other is cans and bottles. And these two categories of recyclables should be kept separate, because they’re going on two different sort lines at the recycling plant and then shipped off to various manufacturers to be made into new products.

Paper items should be collected in paper bags or a cardboard box (not plastic bags). Sometimes people say they cannot find paper bags at a certain grocery store. I suggest they use a cardboard box, in that case. Or they can buy a package of paper bags from Mansfield Supply on Route 195.

Cans, bottles and certain plastic containers go directly into either a town-issued blue bin, or some other durable container that the resident has on hand. We charge $5.75 for our recycling bins, which can be purchased in the Public Works office at the Town Hall. We give residents the option of using something other than the blue recycle bin.

A word of caution — if someone’s recyclables are mixed together, (meaning paper mixed with cans and bottles) the recyclables collector doesn’t have to pick them up.

And if there are a lot of recyclables mixed in the trash (25 percent or more), the trash collector doesn’t have to pick up that trash.

If the rejected trash is then left by the road or accumulated on the property, the town can invoke the blight ordinance. But all of this can be avoided by following directions and asking questions. We are here to help you get used to a new routine.

Save some money, make some cash

For those who may think that all this sorting is a big nuisance, I would point out that it is expensive to get rid of our trash – $67 a ton (2,000 pounds).

It is significantly cheaper to recycle a ton of bottles and cans – $14 a ton. So, that’s a $53 difference.

Last year, residents recycled 500 tons of bottles and cans, and saved the town $26,500.

In contrast, last year we had more than 3,000 tons of trash incinerated, which cost more than $201,000.

We actually get paid for recycling paper and cardboard. How much varies with the market, but right now the market is pretty good for paper recycling.

We save some money and we earn some money, so it makes economic sense (as well as being environmentally responsible) to not throw your recyclables in the trash.

If you have questions about our recycling rules, please feel free to call me, Virginia Walton, at 429-3333. Or stop by the Public Works Department at Town Hall during business hours, which are 8:15 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday; from 8:15 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. on Thursday; and from 8 a.m. to noon on Friday.

For more information: http://mansfield.htnp.com/columns/Recycling—V.Walton/

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